Monitoring and modelling of siloxanes in a sewage treatment plant in the UK

Monitoring of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) carried out at Anglian Water’s Broadholme sewage treatment plant (STP) is described. The method deployed used headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) and the addition of isotopically labelled cVMS to correct for partitioning in samples containing high levels of particulate and dissolved organic carbon. The method was capable of measuring cVMS in raw sewage samples, with recoveries of 80%, 85% and 71% respectively, for D₄, D₅ and D₆. The limit of quantification was 0.2 μg L⁻¹ for all three substances. Recoveries close to 100% were observed for all cVMS spiked into treated effluent (LOQ = 0.01 μg L⁻¹). Despite the volatile nature of cVMS and its ubiquitous presence in the ambient atmosphere, the methods deployed showed excellent recoveries, reproducibility and quantification limits. A distinct diurnal variation in cVMS concentration, probably linked with the use of personal care products was observed for raw sewage but not in treated sewage effluent. The estimated per capita consumption of D₅ (∼2.7 mg cap⁻¹ d⁻¹) derived for the population served by this plant was significantly lower than that derived in the Environment Agency (UK) risk assessment (11.6 mg cap⁻¹ d⁻¹). The cVMS were highly removed during sewage treatment with efficiencies greater than 98%. The methods and findings of this pilot study can be used as the basis for future studies on the fate of cVMS substances in STPs.     

Headspace solid phase microextraction method for determination of triazine and organophosphorus pesticides in soil

A headspace solid phase microextraction method (HS-SPME) for simultaneous determination of five pesticides belonging to triazine and organophosphorus pesticide groups in soil samples was developed. Microextraction conditions, such as temperature, extraction time and sodium chloride (NaCl) content were investigated and optimized using 100 μ m polydimethyl-siloxane (PDMS) fiber. Detection and quantification were done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Relative standard deviation (RSD) and recovery values for multiple analysis of soil samples fortified at 30 μ g kg^{? 1} of each pesticide were below 13 % and higher than 70 %, respectively. Limits of detection (LOD) for all the compounds studied were less than 3.2 μ g kg^{? 1}. The proposed method was applied in the analysis of some agricultural soil samples.     

顶空-气相色谱法测定水中溴乙烷

建立了顶空-气相色谱法测定环境中不同基质水样中溴乙烷的方法,分别考察了顶空平衡温度、平衡时间、离子强度对溴乙烷富集的影响,从而确定最佳方法参数。结果表明,溴乙烷在0. 10~10. 0μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)为0. 999 0,检出限为0. 012μg/L,测定下限为0. 048μg/L,加标回收率为86. 7%~104. 7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2. 9%~4. 8%。该方法准确度和精密度高、检出限低,能够满足环境中不同基质水样中溴乙烷的检测要求。     

固相微萃取技术测定水中的吡啶与静态顶空方法的比较

用固相微萃取技术(SPME)及静态顶空(SHS)分别与气相色谱联用来分析水中的吡啶。通过试验确定了固相微萃取的分析参数:纤维萃取头、吸附时间、解吸时间、无机盐浓度,并与静态顶空方法作了比较。以同一浓度的标准溶液来分析两种方法的检出限、线性及重复性。结果表明,两种方法都具有很好的重复性和线性,固相微萃取的RSD在0.9%～3.1%之间,静态顶空的RSD在0.7%～3.6%之间。两种发方法的标准曲线相关系数也都在0.999以上。但是固相微萃取技术的检出限比静态顶空法低很多。固相微萃取方法测定水中吡啶的检出限是0.001mg/L,而静态顶空法的检出限只有0.03 mg/L。因此,测定水中的吡啶,使用固相微萃取技术优于静态顶空法。     

顶空气相色谱法测定水体中的低分子量胺类

选用在强碱性条件下加入电解质,使水体中的胺类进入气相,顶空进样至气相色谱分析。同时选用ＨＰ－１大口径毛细管柱及ＮＰＤ检测器分析,既保证了各低分子量胺类物质的分离,又保证定量分析的高灵敏度。本方法操作简单,灵敏度高,重复性好、适应范围广,对水中各胺类的最低检出浓度分别为：甲胺０．４μｇ／Ｌ、二甲胺０．４μｇ／Ｌ、三甲胺０．４μｇ／Ｌ、乙胺０．５μｇ／Ｌ。本方法可用于水和废水中低分子量胺类的测定。     

顶空固相微萃取法测定饮用水中的氯仿

采用不同于传统涂层型纤维的体型活性碳纤维相微萃取测定饮用水中的氯仿,实验确定的萃取时间为６００ｓ,解吸时间为３ｍｉｎ,将萃取器针头完全插入气化室时的热解吸效果最佳,方法具有较好的重现性（４．１４％ＲＳＤ）,线性范围０－５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ,最低检测限为５ｎｇ／ｍｌ,用该方法和国家标准方法（ＧＢ５７５０－８５）对实际水样进行了分析比较,表明了顶空固相微萃取法检测结果与国标法相当,而灵敏度３．８倍于国标法,     

顶空气相色谱法测定土壤或底泥中挥发性苯系物

采用顶空气相色谱法测定了土壤或底泥中的挥发性苯系物,测定了苯系物在10%NaCl水溶液60℃时的分配常数,给出了加入土壤导致液相体积改变的校正方法。用10% NaCl水溶液作为提取剂在 60℃加热平衡60min, 对5个苯系物的平均回收率达到73.6%, 检出限为4.2~5.5ng/g。     

环境空气中异丙醇的测定

建立了顶空气相色谱法测定环境空气中异丙醇的方法。空气中异丙醇经蒸馏水吸附,顶空进样氢火焰离子化检测器检测,时间定性,峰面积定量。本方法前处理简便,分析灵敏度高,不使用有机试剂,满足环境分析要求。     

顶空进样气相色谱法测定碱渣中挥发性硫

采用顶空进样气相色谱法测定碱渣中有机硫化物及无机硫化物。本法具有操作简单、卫生、分析速度快、定性定量准确，不需对样品进行预处理等优点，可在其它炼厂推广应用     

Rapid determination of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its main metabolites in aqueous samples by one-step microwave-assisted headspace controlled-temperature liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with electron capture detection

A rapid and sensitive analytical method for the determination of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its main metabolites in environmental aqueous samples has been developed using one-step microwave-assisted headspace controlled-temperature liquid-phase micro-extraction (MA-HS-CT-LPME) technique coupled with gas chromatography-electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). In this study, the one-step extraction of DDT and its main metabolites was achieved by using microwave heating to accelerate the evaporation of analytes into the controlled-temperature headspace to form a cloudy mist vapor zone for LPME sampling. Parameters influencing extraction efficiency were thoroughly optimized, and the best extraction for DDT and its main metabolites from 10-mL aqueous sample at pH 6.0 was achieved by using 1-octanol (4-μL) as the LPME solvent, sampling at 34 °C for 6.5 min under 249 W of microwave irradiation. Under optimum conditions, excellent linear relationship was obtained in the range of 0.05-1.0 μg/L for 1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p′-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p′-DDE), 0.1-2.0 μg/L for o,p′-DDT, 0.15-3.0 μg/L for 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p′-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p′-DDD) and p,p′-DDT, with detection limits of 20 ng/L for p,p′-DDE, and 30 ng/L for o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDT. Precision was in the range of 3.2-11.3% RSD. The proposed method was validated with environmental water samples. The spiked recovery was between 95.5% and 101.3% for agricultural-field water, between 94% and 99.7% for sea water and between 93.5% and 98% for river water. Thus the established method has been proved to be a simple, rapid, sensitive, inexpensive and eco-friendly procedure for the determination of DDT and its main metabolites in environmental water samples.